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Curriculum/Cybersecurity/Identity and Access Management/Privileged Access Management
35 minIntermediate

Privileged Access Management

After this lesson, you will be able to: Explain why privileged accounts are top targets and how PAM tools mitigate that risk.

A regular user account, compromised, is a problem. A privileged account, compromised, is a catastrophe. Privileged Access Management (PAM) tools exist to wrap admin accounts in extra controls, vaults, just-in-time elevation, session recording.

Prerequisites:Directory Services and SSO

Why privileged accounts are crown jewels

Privileged accounts (Domain Admin, root, AWS root, database superuser) can do anything, install software, read all data, disable security tools. Almost every catastrophic breach in the news involved an attacker reaching a privileged account. Protecting them is disproportionately important.

What PAM tools do

Password vaulting, the actual admin password is stored in a vault (CyberArk, HashiCorp Vault, Delinea), not in anyone's brain. Just-in-time elevation, an admin requests temporary admin privileges, gets them for 30 minutes, then they expire. Session recording, every command run during a privileged session is recorded, watchable like a video. Approval workflows, high-risk actions require a second person to approve.

Vault
stores admin credentials
→
JIT request
engineer asks to elevate
→
Approval
policy or a human approves
→
Time-limited access
auto-revoked after the window
Privileged Access Management: nobody holds standing admin rights. Access is checked out just-in-time and expires on its own.

💡 Standing privilege is the enemy

If an account is admin 24/7/365, an attacker only needs one good moment to compromise it. Just-in-time admin (e.g., 'admin for the next 30 minutes') drastically shrinks the window of opportunity.

PAM in cloud and DevOps

Cloud and DevOps environments add new privileged identities: service accounts, CI/CD runners, infrastructure-as-code roles. Modern PAM extends to these, for example, AWS IAM Identity Center with permission sets that auto-expire, or HashiCorp Vault's dynamic credentials.

Quick Check

Which is the strongest PAM control?

Pick the one that eliminates standing privilege.

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