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Curriculum/DevOps and Infrastructure/CI/CD Pipelines/What CI/CD Is
30 minBeginner

What CI/CD Is

After this lesson, you will be able to: Explain what CI/CD is, why it exists, and the developer-experience problem it solves.

CI/CD turns 'push to main' into 'live in production' automatically. The pipeline is the most-leveraged piece of infrastructure your team owns.

This is a free introductory lesson. No purchase required.

CI vs CD (the words mean different things)

CI, Continuous Integration: every commit triggers automated builds + tests. Catches breakages within minutes instead of weeks. CD, Continuous Delivery: every passing build is AUTOMATICALLY deployable, but actual deploy may need a human click. CD, Continuous Deployment: every passing build is automatically deployed to production. Higher bar; requires strong tests + observability. Most teams say 'CI/CD' meaning 'CI + Continuous Delivery'. True Continuous Deployment is the senior shop's flex.

The cost of NOT having CI/CD

Manual deploys: a person SSHs in, runs commands, hopes. Takes 30+ minutes; can't deploy at 11pm; mistakes are common. No CI: bugs reach `main` and you find them during deploy or worse, in production. Slow feedback loops: 'works on my machine' lasts weeks. Burnout: humans become the bottleneck and the single point of failure.

What a modern pipeline does

On every PR: lint + type-check + test + build (don't break main). On merge to main: build a versioned artifact (Docker image, npm package, jar). Tag with the commit SHA. Push to registry. Deploy artifact to staging automatically. Run smoke tests. On release tag (or manual approval): deploy the same artifact to production. If a deploy fails: automatic rollback or alert the on-call.

ℹ️ DORA: the CI/CD success metric

DORA's research links CI/CD maturity to engineering performance. The four key metrics (lead time, deploy frequency, change failure rate, MTTR) all improve with strong pipelines. Elite teams: deploy multiple times per day, lead time under one day, change failure < 15%, MTTR < 1 hour. If you're at quarterly deploys, every meaningful goal in those four metrics requires CI/CD changes first.

Tools you'll see

GitHub Actions: native to GitHub, the default for new projects. We use it in this sub-track. GitLab CI: built into GitLab. Same shape; YAML in `.gitlab-ci.yml`. CircleCI / BuildKite / Drone: dedicated CI platforms; often faster for big repos. Argo CD / FluxCD: GitOps deploys for K8s. Jenkins: the elder statesman; still everywhere in enterprises. New projects rarely pick it.

Quick Check

What's the most important property of a CI pipeline?

Pick the senior answer.

Back to CI/CD Pipelines
GitHub Actions in Depth→